Small kidney stones that don't block your kidney or cause other problems can be treated by your family doctor. But if you have a large kidney stone and experience severe pain or kidney problems, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who treats problems in the urinary tract urologist or nephrologist. Besides the questions you prepare in advance, don't hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment as they occur to you. Kidney stones care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Diagnosis If your doctor suspects that you have a kidney stone, you may have diagnostic tests and procedures, such as: Blood testing.
Blood tests may reveal too much calcium or uric acid in your blood. Blood test results help monitor the health of your kidneys and may lead your doctor to check for other medical conditions. Urine testing.
The hour urine collection test may show that you're excreting too many stone-forming minerals or too few stone-preventing substances. For this test, your doctor may request that you perform two urine collections over two consecutive days.
Parathyroid glands Open pop-up dialog box Close. Parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands, which lie behind the thyroid, manufacture the parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating your body's levels of the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Email address. First Name let us know your preferred name. Last Name. Thank you for subscribing Your in-depth digestive health guide will be in your inbox shortly.
Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Goldman L, et al. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Accessed Jan.
Kidney stones. McKean SC, et al. In: Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education; What are kidney stones? American Urological Association. Kellerman RD, et al. In: Conn's Current Therapy Elsevier; Warner KJ. A large stone may get stuck in the urinary system. This can block the flow of urine and may cause strong pain. Kidney stones can cause permanent kidney damage.
Stones also increase the risk of urinary and kidney infection, which can result in germs spreading into the bloodstream. If you have had one kidney stone, some tips that may help to prevent a second stone forming include:.
Drinking mineral water is fine — it cannot cause kidney stones because it contains only trace elements of minerals.
Only lower your calcium intake below that of a normal diet if instructed by your doctor. Decreased calcium intake is only necessary in some cases where absorption of calcium from the bowel is high. A low-calcium diet has not been shown to be useful in preventing the recurrence of kidney stones and may worsen the problem of weak bones. People with calcium-containing stones may be at greater risk of developing weak bones and osteoporosis.
Discuss this risk with your doctor. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Bedwetting is a problem for many children and punishing them for it will only add to their distress.
Your bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine from the kidneys. Bladder cancer affects twice as many men as women. Bladder prolapse is when the bladder bulges into the vagina. Cystitis is the most common urinary tract infection in women. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only.
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The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Kidney and bladder. Home Kidney and bladder. Kidney stones. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. What are kidney stones? Symptoms of kidney stones Causes of kidney stones Diagnosis of kidney stones Complications of kidney stones Avoiding recurrence of kidney stones Where to get help.
Types of kidney stones There are four major types of kidney stones, including: stones formed from calcium not used by the bones and muscles, combined with oxalate or phosphate — these are the most common kidney stones stones containing magnesium and the waste product ammonia — these are called struvite stones and form after urine infections uric acid stones — these are often caused by eating very large amounts of protein foods cystine stones — these are rare and hereditary.
Symptoms of kidney stones Many people with kidney stones have no symptoms. The pain may be severe enough to cause nausea and vomiting blood in the urine cloudy or bad smelling urine shivers, sweating and fever — if the urine becomes infected small stones, like gravel, passing out in the urine, often caused by uric acid stones an urgent feeling of needing to urinate, due to a stone at the bladder outlet. Treatment for kidney stones Most kidney stones can be treated without surgery. If you previously had cystine stones , you may need to drink even more.
The amount of liquid you need to drink depends on the weather and your activity level. If you live, work, or exercise in hot weather, you may need more liquid to replace the fluid you lose through sweat. A health care professional may ask you to collect your urine for 24 hours to determine the amount of urine you produce a day. If the amount of urine is too low, the health care professional may advise you to increase your liquid intake.
If you have had a kidney stone, a health care professional also may prescribe medicines to prevent future kidney stones. Depending on the type of kidney stone you had and what type of medicine the health care professional prescribes, you may have to take the medicine for a few weeks, several months, or longer.
For example, if you had struvite stones, you may have to take an oral antibiotic for 1 to 6 weeks, or possibly longer. If you had another type of stone, you may have to take a potassium citrate tablet 1 to 3 times daily. You may have to take potassium citrate for months or even longer until a health care professional says you are no longer at risk for kidney stones. Talk with a health care professional about your health history prior to taking kidney stone medicines.
Some kidney stone medicines have minor to serious side effects. Side effects are more likely to occur the longer you take the medicine and the higher the dose. Tell the health care professional about any side effects that occur when you take kidney stone medicine. People with hyperparathyroidism , a condition that results in too much calcium in the blood, sometimes develop calcium stones. Treatment for hyperparathyroidism may include surgery to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland. Removing the parathyroid gland cures hyperparathyroidism and can prevent kidney stones.
Surgery sometimes causes complications, including infection. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public.
Kidney stone removal A urologist can remove the kidney stone or break it into small pieces with the following treatments: Shock wave lithotripsy. Health care professionals usually treat kidney stones based on their size and what they are made of.
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