Lebanon in Conflict: Historian Massoud Daher suggested that there are a number of factors that contribute to Lebanon's recurring state of conflict, including: the inclusion of non-Lebanese districts to the Lebanese state in ; the nature of Lebanese citizenship, which, among other problems, can only be passed on through the patriarchal line; the historical rise of sectarianism; the problem that the Lebanese leadership is more interested in preserving its own interests than in fostering political stability.
Perpetuation of Violence: Jean Aziz, news director at Orange Television, argued that Lebanon's history keeps repeating itself for four chief reasons: a political culture that favors religious and confessional loyalties over voting based on issues, and that portrays politics as a tool to obtain services and not as a means for national reform; persistent economic problems; The geographic and political positioning of Lebanon.
Lebanon is bordered by two problematic states: Israel, whose recognition is difficult for the Lebanese political system to accomplish; and Syria, who does not effectively recognize the territorial sovereignty of Lebanon; The religious conflict intrinsic to Lebanon's pluralism.
He added that the only way to lift Lebanon from its current situation is for its citizens to put their country first, focus on development, and maintain neutrality within the region, except in regards to Israel. The Culture of Compromise in Contemporary Switzerland While Switzerland has developed a culture of compromise based on institutions that allow diverse groups to feel represented and active in their government, Lebanon struggles with a problematic regional environment and citizens uncertain of how to define their identity.
Power Sharing Institutions: Wolf Linder from the University of Berne listed five institutions that characterize the Swiss political model: a multicultural state that recognizes and serves all of its citizens; the federal system, that allows the Swiss cantons to enjoy autonomy; the bicameral parliament; proportional representation that prevents the majority from ruling over the minority; direct democracy that ensures the inclusion of Swiss citizens in governance.
In comparison, Lebanon is surrounded by authoritarian regimes and besieged by new regional sectarian divisions. Institutions for Finding Common Ground A comparison of Swiss and Lebanese processes for making political decisions revealed some of the problems in the Lebanese system, including the heavy role played by both regional and personal interests. In this system, both citizens and politicians take part in the process.
A Governance Problem: Lebanese Constitutional Council member Antoine Messara pointed out that Lebanon does not suffer from constitutional problems but rather governance problems, resulting from regional influences. He called for isolating Lebanon from the surrounding region. However, he added that the Lebanese citizen is far better off in comparison to those in other Arab states. But he emphasized the need for Lebanon to be an active part of the Arab world rather than pursue isolation.
Missed the event? Sign up to receive emails from Carnegie. Sign up for future event invitations. Connect With Us. Subscribe Today Sign up to receive emails from Carnegie! Once this step has been reached, there are fewer risks that the proposal will be challenged by a referendum or, if successful, rejected by a vote. This is a crucial point, which distinguishes the Swiss government from representative democracies. The Federal Council is elected by parliament. But the Swiss people, even if they do not choose the ministers, hold great influence over their decisions.
Beyond a majority in parliament, the government must convince much wider circles of people. This has dictated political calculations that have progressively transformed the cabinet since its modern-day creation. In the Radicals held a complete majority and occupied all seven government seats.
These instruments of direct democracy were later introduced. The cabinet has been divided between the four main parties, with the exception of the period. The centre-right Radicals and the left-wing Social Democrats have each held onto two seats. The Green Party, which made historic gains in the October parliamentary elections, is now challenging the current party-political make-up of the cabinet. But a cabinet seat might not become available straight away as in Swiss political culture, changes take time, as the graph shows below.
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Please join us! If you want to start a conversation about a topic raised in this article or want to report factual errors, email us at english swissinfo. This content was published on Dec 10, Dec 10, How justified are the Green Party's ambitions to win a seat in the Swiss government on December 11? This content was published on Oct 20, Oct 20, Green parties have made major gains at the expense of parties to the right and the left in elections to the Swiss parliament.
This content was published on Jun 27, Jun 27, A visual overview of how the political forces in the Swiss House of Representatives have shifted over the past half-century. For example, research has shown that when students' cultures are understood and appreciated by teachers, the students do better in school. As the United States continues to move toward an increasingly pluralistic society, cultural nuances and differentiation must be acknowledged in the application and practice of forensic psychology.
If you would like to tell us what you think, please use the form provided. For this reason, the rights and freedoms of various groups of people are respected. In keeping with this belief, the United States does not, for example, put a legal quota on how many Italian Americans can vote in national elections, how many African Americans may run for public office, or how many Vietnamese Americans can live on a certain street. For centuries, the tiny Alpine nation of Switzerland has adhered to a policy of armed neutrality in global affairs.
The country is politically stable with a strong and resilient economy. The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former Spanish soldier, and played a powerful role in resisting the spread of Protestantism. Murray addressed from a Catholic perspective the challenges posed by religious pluralism in a democratic setting. He argued that deviance can serve two necessary functions. For example, Sweden allows per-capita funding to follow the child to non-state schools.
For evangelicals, the existence of other religions is a threat. Ironically John Howard Yoder thinks pluralism is the opposite.
Pluralism appeared to many as a working feature of the political system that allowed for at least minimal fulfillment of the needs of all groups in society. A purpose was to help them become functioning adults in a pluralistic society. The New 'We' is a Manifesto for Today's Pluralistic Societies [interview with Tariq Ramadan] Renowned European Muslim thinker and academic Tariq Ramadan has explained his manifesto for a new "We" -- which involves Muslims, non-Muslims, atheists, agnostics, Christians and Jews coming together to contribute to their pluralistic societies in the Wes Parental leaves are available for both men and women.
Living in society requires the tempering of all in the face of the realities of the human condition but, for those who believe in them, they remain not only basic aspirations but basic requirements for the good society. Integrity then is considered as a political solution and ideological driver from BIO at College of Banking and Finance Only in a democratic system, Touraine argues, can the necessary links be forged between our contradictory values and our common world.
BBC News Online asked eight commentators for their views. The Liberalism and Pluralism: Towards a politics of compromise. That world is bleak. Unlike the competitive elitists, Dahl argues that there are overlapping interest groups with equal access to power, because power is always changing. As a society undergoes assimilation, differences among groups decrease.
The Circle of Reason, Inc. The basic ethical considerations surrounding intensive care are analyzed from the historical perspective, with particular reference to the two doctrines still of greatest importance: Kantianism and utilitarianism.
It is treated as some sort of super-organism over and above individuals that make it. The Society In Norway. Edward Younkins, author of Capitalism and Commerce, describes three tenets of the democratic capitalist system:.
As much as pluralism is meant to bring various groups of people together, there are some instances where this does not have a positive impact. The inhabitants may discriminate against the immigrants or those people from another ethnic society. So many contradictions and confusion. B It has only one homogeneous culture,dating back many centuries. What is implied here is that a sustainable future can be achieved if people are properly educated. As a sociological term, the definition and description of cultural pluralism has evolved over time.
Education belongs within civil society. Notes: 1. Large numbers of women are part of the workforce in the country. The rebaptism of adults was then a crime punishable by death.
In this article, I will collect the description of the constitution from various biographers and introduce my understanding based on all these different sources. In addition to its negative duty of non-interference, member States have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective pluralism. In a pluralistic society , power is held by multiple groups who compete for control of decision-making organizations.
This vibrant art and cultural activism reminded me of the critical discussion on the status of arts in non-Western cultural settings in a course on World Arts in University of Bern in Switzerland. Pluralism in western societies is a fact, which can be lamented or applauded, but it is the situation in which people in Western societies live.
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