Eventually, they outnumber the healthy cells and prevent the immune system from working correctly. As they accumulate, they can form tumors. Eventually, cancer can also spread to the bone marrow, lungs, or liver. These are the most common destinations, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Factors that may increase the risk of developing leukemia depend on the type of leukemia. However, they may include :. However, there are some overall risk factors, which include :. Specific treatment will depend on whether a person has leukemia or lymphoma and which subtype they have.
However, there are some common approaches. These include:. The outlook for leukemia and lymphoma will depend on which condition a person has, as well as which subtype, the stage at diagnosis, and other factors. A 5-year survival rate measures the chance of a person with a disease living 5 years or more after a diagnosis, compared with a person who does not have the disease.
However, this varies between types. Moreover, if a child lives for 5 years after treatment, there is a good chance that cancer will not return, according to the ACS. For a person with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the overall chance of living at least another 5 years is Outcomes can vary according to population groups.
Research published in found racial and gender disparities in the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes for lymphoma. The authors found, for example, that Black people tend to develop symptoms at a younger age and have more advanced disease when they see a doctor. By contrast, non-Hodgkin lymphoma does not create this abnormal cell type.
While the presence or lack of Reed-Sternberg cells is the most obvious indicator, other important differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:. Both types of lymphoma involve the same diagnosis strategies. The physician starts with a physical exam and X-ray to examine the body for swollen lymph nodes. These are followed by a blood test, lymph node biopsy, and bone marrow test to check for abnormal cells or imbalances in blood cells.
Treatment strategies for the two lymphomas are dissimilar, however. But there are important differences between the two. The primary diagnostic difference between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas may be determined during a biopsy, usually of an affected lymph node. If a pathologist discovers Reed-Sternberg cells in the biopsy, the patient is diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma.
Reed-Sternberg cells, named for the two scientists who first identified them under a microscope, are mutated B lymphocytes that are huge by cellular standards—up to five times larger than normal lymphocytes. One common variety of these cells has at least two nuclei that give them the appearance of an owl's eyes. Another variety is called a popcorn cell because of its lobular shape.
The different shapes of Reed-Sternberg cells may help pathologists determine the specific type of Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin, a British pathologist, first chronicled some of the symptoms of the disease in a landmark article detailing the postmortem examinations of several patients with enlarged lymph nodes and spleens. Thirty years later, another British physician, Dr.
Samuel Wilks, learned of Hodgkin's work while conducting similar research. He named the condition Hodgkin's disease. The name of the disease has since lost the possessive and is called either Hodgkin disease or Hodgkin lymphoma.
The B-Cell Lymphoma Moon Shot is revolutionizing the conventional medical research approach to rapidly translate findings into patient treatment options and develop personalized therapeutic strategies. The terms Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be easily confused.
Here, lymphoma specialist Paolo Strati, M. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common than Hodgkin lymphoma, and both types are slightly more common in men. Although both diseases can be diagnosed at any age, Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in young adults ages 15 to 40 and older adults over age Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is typically diagnosed in adults over age Some viruses may make you more likely to get both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
If you have had any of these viruses, talk with your doctor about whether you might be at increased risk for lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into two subtypes: B-cell lymphoma or T-cell lymphoma. Types of B-cell lymphoma include:. Both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma develop in the lymphatic system and can affect white blood cells. A high white blood cell count can be a sign of lymphoma.
With both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the first symptoms to appear are often fever, unexplained weight loss and night sweats. Hodgkin lymphoma patients can also experience inflammatory symptoms , Strati says. In some cases, you may experience lymph node pain when taking a hot bath or drinking alcohol. Patients may also have an unexplained rash. Because Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are different diseases, they need to be treated in distinct ways.
To make an accurate diagnosis of Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will need to look at the cancer cells under a microscope.
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